Sources & methodology

Australia sources

The official sources and calculation rules behind Australia country and occupation pages. Values remain in Australian dollars and are removed from display when the published evidence cannot be read or is no longer verified.

Salary range

Australian Bureau of Statistics

Data: May 2025
Employee Earnings and Hours, Australia, May 2025
Method
The country card uses the first quartile, median and third quartile weekly total cash earnings for full-time persons. Each weekly value is multiplied by 52. The displayed range is AUD 74,048–133,120 a year and the ranking value is the median, AUD 98,124.
Coverage and limits
Full-time persons nationally. Gross earnings before tax.

Student living costs

Study Australia and CampCareer

Data: 2025 scenario
Australia five-city shared-housing student scenario
Method
CampCareer uses controlled profiles for Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney. The scenario is one international student renting one room in shared housing. The country range uses the lowest and highest monthly profiles; the ranking value is the five-city average.
Coverage and limits
Includes housing, food, transport, utilities, phone and internet, and basic personal costs. Excludes tuition, visa fees, airfare, scholarships and employment income.

Academic year

Study Australia

Data: Checked August 2026
Australia's education system
Method
The country page summarises the common February–March start and selected July intakes. Individual institutions and courses can use different calendars, including trimesters.
Coverage and limits
National overview only. Provider course pages remain the final source for intake dates.

Strong fields by workforce demand

Jobs and Skills Australia

Data: 2025 list
2025 Occupation Shortage List
Method
Field groups are shown when several related occupations carry persistent national shortage signals. They are discovery categories, not guarantees of employment, sponsorship or permanent residence.
Coverage and limits
National occupation-level shortage evidence grouped into broad study and career fields.

Universities and public VET providers

Study Australia and Group of Eight

Data: Checked August 2026
Australian university and member listsGroup of Eight members
Method
The country page shows a concise representative set of major universities and public TAFE or VET providers. It is not a ranking and is not intended to be a complete provider directory.
Coverage and limits
Representative national list used for country exploration.

Visa and skilled-work pathways

Australian Department of Home Affairs

Data: Checked August 2026
Skilled occupation list and visa information
Method
CampCareer links users to study, temporary work and skilled pathways, but does not calculate an immigration success probability. Eligibility depends on the current visa rules and the user's individual circumstances.
Coverage and limits
Planning and discovery only. Not immigration or legal advice.

Occupation sources

Registered Nurse

Evidence supporting the Australia Registered Nurse occupation dashboard and its Career Opportunity Score.

Snapshot: 1 May 2026

Official occupation scope

Australian Bureau of Statistics

OSCA 2654 Registered Nurses

Defines the registered nurse occupations included in the CampCareer rollup.

Employment and earnings

Jobs and Skills Australia

Registered Nurses occupation profile

Supplies the employment, earnings, demographic and working-hours snapshot on the published legacy ANZSCO series.

Vacancies and state demand

Jobs and Skills Australia

Internet Vacancy Index

Supplies the dated national and state or territory online-vacancy series. When a workbook row cannot be directly machine-ingested, CampCareer either leaves the value unavailable or records the indexed extraction provenance in the dated snapshot.

Employment outlook

Jobs and Skills Australia

Employment projections

Supplies the five-year and ten-year employment-growth inputs used in the Career Opportunity Score. Extraction provenance is retained when the official workbook cannot be directly machine-read.

Registration requirements

Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia

Registration standards

Defines the professional registration standards that applicants and practising registered nurses must meet.

Skilled visa pathways

Australian Department of Home Affairs

Skilled occupation list

Checks current skilled-work pathway coverage. Occupation-list inclusion does not determine an individual's eligibility.

Source links checked 7 August 2026. Numeric values are stored as dated Supabase snapshots so the Occupation and Compare pages can reuse the same record without copying figures into UI code.

Occupation sources

Electrician

Evidence supporting the Australia Electrician occupation dashboard, licensing pathway and Career Opportunity Score.

Snapshot: 1 May 2026

Official occupation scope

Australian Bureau of Statistics

OSCA 3812 Electricians

Defines Electrician (General), Electrical Fitter and Industrial Electrician as the occupations included in the CampCareer electrician rollup.

Employment and earnings

Jobs and Skills Australia

Electricians occupation profile

Supplies the employment, earnings, demographic and working-hours snapshot on the published legacy ANZSCO series.

Vacancies and state demand

Jobs and Skills Australia

Internet Vacancy Index

Supplies the dated national and state or territory online-vacancy series. When a workbook row cannot be directly machine-ingested, CampCareer either leaves the value unavailable or records the indexed extraction provenance in the dated snapshot.

Employment outlook

Jobs and Skills Australia

Employment projections

Supplies the five-year and ten-year employment-growth inputs used in the Career Opportunity Score. Extraction provenance is retained when the official workbook cannot be directly machine-read.

Electrical licensing

Electrical Regulatory Authorities Council

Electrical licensing

Explains that electrical licensing is administered by state and territory regulators.

Skilled visa pathways

Australian Department of Home Affairs

Skilled occupation list

Checks current skilled-work pathway coverage. Occupation-list inclusion does not determine an individual's eligibility.

Source links checked 7 August 2026. Numeric values are stored as dated Supabase snapshots so the Occupation and Compare pages can reuse the same record without copying figures into UI code.

Occupation sources

Carpenter

Evidence supporting the Australia Carpenter occupation dashboard, apprenticeship pathway and Career Opportunity Score.

Snapshot: 1 May 2026

Official occupation scope

Australian Bureau of Statistics

OSCA 3721 Carpenters and Joiners

Defines Carpenter and Joiner, Carpenter, and Joiner as the three occupations included in the CampCareer carpenter rollup.

Vacancies and state demand

Jobs and Skills Australia

Internet Vacancy Index

Supplies the dated national and state or territory online-vacancy series. When a workbook row cannot be directly machine-ingested, CampCareer either leaves the value unavailable or records the indexed extraction provenance in the dated snapshot.

Employment outlook

Jobs and Skills Australia

Employment projections

Supplies the five-year and ten-year employment-growth inputs used in the Career Opportunity Score. Extraction provenance is retained when the official workbook cannot be directly machine-read.

Shortage status

Jobs and Skills Australia

Occupation Shortage List

Provides the official national and jurisdiction-level shortage evidence used in the shortage component of the score.

Training pathway

Australian Government National Training Register

CPC30220 Certificate III in Carpentry

Defines the principal trade qualification connected to the Australian carpentry apprenticeship pathway.

Construction induction

Safe Work Australia

Working on a construction site

Explains the general construction induction training and White Card requirement for construction-site work.

Skilled visa pathways

Australian Department of Home Affairs

Skilled occupation list

Checks current skilled-work pathway coverage. Occupation-list inclusion does not determine an individual's eligibility.

Source links checked 7 August 2026. Numeric values are stored as dated Supabase snapshots so the Occupation and Compare pages can reuse the same record without copying figures into UI code.

Occupation sources

Plumber

Evidence supporting the Australia Plumber occupation dashboard, apprenticeship and licensing pathway, and provisional Career Opportunity Score.

Snapshot: 1 May 2026

Official occupation scope

Australian Bureau of Statistics

OSCA Minor Group 363 Plumbers

Defines the six plumbing occupations included in the CampCareer rollup and their current OSCA codes.

Employment and earnings

Jobs and Skills Australia

Plumbers occupation profile

Supplies employment, earnings, demographic and working-hours data on the published legacy ANZSCO series.

Vacancies and state demand

Jobs and Skills Australia

Internet Vacancy Index

Supplies the dated national and state or territory online-vacancy series. When a workbook row cannot be directly machine-ingested, CampCareer either leaves the value unavailable or records the indexed extraction provenance in the dated snapshot.

Employment outlook

Jobs and Skills Australia

Employment projections

Supplies the five-year and ten-year employment-growth inputs used in the Career Opportunity Score. Extraction provenance is retained when the official workbook cannot be directly machine-read.

Shortage status

Jobs and Skills Australia

Occupation Shortage List

Provides the official national and jurisdiction-level shortage evidence used in the shortage component of the score.

Training pathway

Australian Government National Training Register

CPC32420 Certificate III in Plumbing

Defines the principal trade qualification connected to the Australian plumbing apprenticeship pathway.

Skilled visa pathways

Australian Department of Home Affairs

Skilled occupation list

Checks current skilled-work pathway coverage. Occupation-list inclusion does not determine an individual's eligibility.

Source links checked 7 August 2026. Numeric values are stored as dated Supabase snapshots so the Occupation and Compare pages can reuse the same record without copying figures into UI code.

Occupation sources

Wall and Floor Tiler

Evidence supporting the Australia Wall and Floor Tiler occupation dashboard, apprenticeship and jurisdiction-specific licensing pathway, and provisional Career Opportunity Score. JSA publishes occupation earnings as N/A; May 2026 vacancy and May 2025–2035 projection figures are tied to the official JSA releases with indexed extraction provenance retained in the Supabase snapshot until direct workbook ingestion is available.

Snapshot: 1 May 2026

Official occupation scope

Australian Bureau of Statistics

OSCA 362431 Wall and Floor Tiler

Defines the current occupation, skill level, specialisations and tasks. It also notes that registration or licensing may be required.

Employment and earnings

Jobs and Skills Australia

Wall and Floor Tilers occupation profile

Supplies employment, part-time share, female share, median age and full-time hours on the published legacy ANZSCO series. Median weekly and hourly earnings are officially N/A because of a high standard error and are not estimated by CampCareer.

Vacancies and state demand

Jobs and Skills Australia

Internet Vacancy Index

Supplies the dated national and state or territory online-vacancy series. When a workbook row cannot be directly machine-ingested, CampCareer either leaves the value unavailable or records the indexed extraction provenance in the dated snapshot.

Employment outlook

Jobs and Skills Australia

Employment projections

Supplies the five-year and ten-year employment-growth inputs used in the Career Opportunity Score. Extraction provenance is retained when the official workbook cannot be directly machine-read.

Shortage status

Jobs and Skills Australia

Occupation Shortage List

Provides the official national and jurisdiction-level shortage evidence used in the shortage component of the score.

Training pathway

Australian Government National Training Register

CPC31320 Certificate III in Wall and Floor Tiling

Defines the current trade qualification, identifies it as suitable for an Australian apprenticeship pathway and notes jurisdiction-specific regulatory requirements and construction induction.

Trade licensing example

NSW Government

Wall and floor tiling work

Shows a current jurisdiction-specific licensing rule: NSW requires the relevant contractor licence or certificate for regulated residential wall and floor tiling work, including work above the published value threshold.

Construction induction

Safe Work Australia

Working on a construction site

Supports the general construction induction and White Card requirement for construction-site work.

Skilled visa pathways

Australian Department of Home Affairs

Skilled occupation list

Checks current skilled-work pathway coverage. Occupation-list inclusion does not determine an individual's eligibility.

Source links checked 7 August 2026. Numeric values are stored as dated Supabase snapshots so the Occupation and Compare pages can reuse the same record without copying figures into UI code.

Occupation sources

Welder

Evidence supporting the Australia Welder occupation dashboard, fabrication apprenticeship pathway and provisional Career Opportunity Score. CampCareer rolls the canonical career to OSCA 3311 so the three mapped welding and fabrication occupations align with the JSA ANZSCO 3223 labour-market series. May 2026 vacancy and May 2025–2035 projection figures retain indexed extraction provenance until the official workbook rows can be directly machine-ingested.

Snapshot: 1 May 2026

Vacancies and state demand

Jobs and Skills Australia

Internet Vacancy Index

Supplies the dated national and state or territory online-vacancy series. When a workbook row cannot be directly machine-ingested, CampCareer either leaves the value unavailable or records the indexed extraction provenance in the dated snapshot.

Employment outlook

Jobs and Skills Australia

Employment projections

Supplies the five-year and ten-year employment-growth inputs used in the Career Opportunity Score. Extraction provenance is retained when the official workbook cannot be directly machine-read.

Shortage status

Jobs and Skills Australia

Occupation Shortage List

Provides the official national and jurisdiction-level shortage evidence used in the shortage component of the score.

Training pathway

Australian Government National Training Register

MEM31925 Certificate III in Engineering – Fabrication Trade

Defines the current fabrication trade qualification, which is specifically developed for apprentices and undertaken through a Training Contract or formal trade-recognition assessment process.

Construction induction

Safe Work Australia

Working on a construction site

Supports the general construction induction and White Card requirement where welding or fabrication work is performed on a construction site.

Skills assessment

Trades Recognition Australia

OSAP nominated occupations, countries and SARs

Lists Metal Fabricator, Pressure Welder and Welder (First Class) among trade occupations assessed through relevant TRA programs and distinguishes skills assessment from domestic occupational licensing.

Skilled visa pathways

Australian Department of Home Affairs

Skilled occupation list

Checks current skilled-work pathway coverage. Occupation-list inclusion does not determine an individual's eligibility.

Source links checked 7 August 2026. Numeric values are stored as dated Supabase snapshots so the Occupation and Compare pages can reuse the same record without copying figures into UI code.

Occupation sources

Bricklayer

Evidence supporting the Australia Bricklayer occupation dashboard, apprenticeship and jurisdiction-specific licensing pathway, and provisional Career Opportunity Score. CampCareer rolls the canonical career to OSCA 3711 so Bricklayer and Stonemason align with the JSA ANZSCO 3311 labour-market series. Current IVI values remain unavailable until the official ANZSCO4 workbook row can be directly machine-ingested.

Snapshot: 1 May 2026

Official occupation scope

Australian Bureau of Statistics

OSCA 3711 Bricklayers and Stonemasons

Defines Bricklayer and Stonemason as the two current occupations included in the CampCareer bricklayer rollup; OSCA 371131 Bricklayer notes that registration or licensing may be required.

Employment and earnings

Jobs and Skills Australia

Bricklayers and Stonemasons occupation profile

Supplies employment, median weekly and hourly earnings, part-time share, female share, median age and full-time hours on the published legacy ANZSCO 3311 series used for the rollup.

Vacancies and state demand

Jobs and Skills Australia

Internet Vacancy Index

Supplies the dated national and state or territory online-vacancy series. When a workbook row cannot be directly machine-ingested, CampCareer either leaves the value unavailable or records the indexed extraction provenance in the dated snapshot.

Employment outlook

Jobs and Skills Australia

Employment projections

Supplies the five-year and ten-year employment-growth inputs used in the Career Opportunity Score. Extraction provenance is retained when the official workbook cannot be directly machine-read.

Shortage status

Jobs and Skills Australia

Occupation Shortage List

Provides the official national and jurisdiction-level shortage evidence used in the shortage component of the score.

Training pathway

Australian Government National Training Register

CPC33020 Certificate III in Bricklaying and Blocklaying

Defines the current Bricklayer trade qualification. The qualification is used in apprenticeship pathways and is also listed by NSW as a current qualification for bricklaying licensing.

Trade licensing example

NSW Government

Bricklaying work

Shows a current jurisdiction-specific rule: NSW requires the relevant contractor licence or certificate for regulated residential bricklaying work above AUD 5,000 and lists CPC33020 among the accepted qualifications.

Construction induction

Safe Work Australia

Working on a construction site

Supports the general construction induction and White Card requirement for construction-site work.

Skills assessment

Trades Recognition Australia

Occupations assessed by Trades Recognition Australia

Confirms Bricklayer is within the trade occupations assessed by TRA for relevant migration skills-assessment programs; skills assessment is separate from domestic licensing.

Skilled visa pathways

Australian Department of Home Affairs

Skilled occupation list

Checks current skilled-work pathway coverage. Occupation-list inclusion does not determine an individual's eligibility.

Source links checked 7 August 2026. Numeric values are stored as dated Supabase snapshots so the Occupation and Compare pages can reuse the same record without copying figures into UI code.

Occupation sources

HVAC Technician

Evidence supporting the Australia HVAC Technician dashboard, regulated refrigerant-handling pathway and provisional Career Opportunity Score. The current official occupation is OSCA 382131 Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Technician, mapped directly to legacy ANZSCO 342111. Current IVI values remain unavailable until the official ANZSCO4 workbook row is directly ingested; projection values retain indexed extraction provenance in the dated snapshot.

Snapshot: 1 May 2026

Official occupation scope

Australian Bureau of Statistics

OSCA 382131 Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Technician

Defines the current occupation, its installation, maintenance and refrigerant-handling tasks, and states that registration or licensing is required. Mechanical Services Plumber is explicitly excluded.

Vacancies and state demand

Jobs and Skills Australia

Internet Vacancy Index

Supplies the dated national and state or territory online-vacancy series. When a workbook row cannot be directly machine-ingested, CampCareer either leaves the value unavailable or records the indexed extraction provenance in the dated snapshot.

Employment outlook

Jobs and Skills Australia

Employment projections

Supplies the five-year and ten-year employment-growth inputs used in the Career Opportunity Score. Extraction provenance is retained when the official workbook cannot be directly machine-read.

Shortage status

Jobs and Skills Australia

Occupation Shortage List

Provides the official national and jurisdiction-level shortage evidence used in the shortage component of the score.

Training pathway

Australian Government National Training Register

UEE32225 Certificate III in Air Conditioning and Refrigeration

Defines the current Certificate III replacing UEE32220. The qualification covers installation, commissioning, fault finding, service and refrigerant handling and may require an apprenticeship training contract or relevant employment for workplace competency development.

Refrigerant handling licence

Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water

Refrigeration and air conditioning technicians

States that a Refrigerant Handling Licence is required for work with regulated refrigerants that could cause leakage, including installation, commissioning, service, maintenance and decommissioning, and identifies ARC as the licensing administrator.

Construction induction

Safe Work Australia

Working on a construction site

Supports the White Card requirement when air-conditioning and refrigeration work is performed as construction work on a construction site.

Skills assessment

Trades Recognition Australia

OSAP nominated occupations, countries and SARs

Confirms Airconditioning and Refrigeration Mechanic 342111 is an OSAP occupation and separates migration skills assessment from domestic refrigerant and jurisdictional licensing requirements.

Skilled visa pathways

Australian Department of Home Affairs

Skilled occupation list

Checks current skilled-work pathway coverage. Occupation-list inclusion does not determine an individual's eligibility.

Source links checked 7 August 2026. Numeric values are stored as dated Supabase snapshots so the Occupation and Compare pages can reuse the same record without copying figures into UI code.

Occupation sources

Construction Manager

Evidence supporting the Australia Construction Manager dashboard and provisional Career Opportunity Score. The canonical career maps to OSCA 131131 Construction Project Manager only; Project Builder is a separate OSCA occupation. Current earnings and employment values use the broader legacy ANZSCO 1331 Construction Managers series and are labelled accordingly. Current IVI and ten-year projection values remain unavailable until directly verified.

Snapshot: 1 May 2026

Official occupation scope

Australian Bureau of Statistics

OSCA 131131 Construction Project Manager

Defines Construction Project Manager as a Skill Level 1 occupation and explicitly excludes Project Builder, which is classified separately as OSCA 131331.

Employment and earnings

Jobs and Skills Australia

Construction Managers occupation profile

Supplies the published legacy ANZSCO 1331 employment and earnings series used for this dated snapshot. The series includes Construction Project Managers and Project Builders, so CampCareer does not present it as an OSCA 131131-only measure.

Vacancies and state demand

Jobs and Skills Australia

Internet Vacancy Index

Supplies the dated national and state or territory online-vacancy series. When a workbook row cannot be directly machine-ingested, CampCareer either leaves the value unavailable or records the indexed extraction provenance in the dated snapshot.

Employment outlook

Jobs and Skills Australia

Employment projections

Supplies the five-year and ten-year employment-growth inputs used in the Career Opportunity Score. Extraction provenance is retained when the official workbook cannot be directly machine-read.

Shortage status

Jobs and Skills Australia

Occupation Shortage List

Provides the official national and jurisdiction-level shortage evidence used in the shortage component of the score.

Management qualification

Australian Government National Training Register

CPC50320 Diploma of Building and Construction (Management)

Defines a current senior-management qualification used as a progression pathway. The register describes it as designed for senior managers and notes that additional units may be required for builder or project-manager registration in some jurisdictions.

Skills assessment

VETASSESS

Construction Project Manager

Provides the migration skills-assessment pathway for ANZSCO 133111 and sets the qualification and employment-evidence requirements used in relevant skilled-migration applications.

Construction induction

Safe Work Australia

Working on a construction site

Supports the White Card requirement when the role requires carrying out construction work or unaccompanied access to construction work areas under the relevant jurisdictional rules.

Skilled visa pathways

Australian Department of Home Affairs

Skilled occupation list

Checks current skilled-work pathway coverage. Occupation-list inclusion does not determine an individual's eligibility.

Source links checked 7 August 2026. Numeric values are stored as dated Supabase snapshots so the Occupation and Compare pages can reuse the same record without copying figures into UI code.

Last reviewed 7 August 2026. A national range or occupation snapshot describes the stated source population; it does not predict an individual's salary, expenses, registration or visa outcome.