Average salary
AUD 106,657 per year
Calculated from the Australian Bureau of Statistics full-time adult ordinary-time weekly earnings benchmark of AUD 2,051.10 multiplied by 52 weeks.
November 2025
Country data
Australia sources & methodology
Country cards show the result only. Definitions, calculation choices, evidence type and original publishers are collected here so the dashboard stays compact without hiding how each value was produced.
Calculated from official observed data
Minimum wage
AUD 26.44 per hour
Uses the National Minimum Wage for adult employees not covered by an award or enterprise agreement. The displayed casual benchmark applies the standard 25% casual loading.
Effective 1 July 2026
Shared living cost
AUD 1,817 per month
CampCareer calculates a five-city student baseline from Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide. The same sharehouse profile is applied in every city and combines one room in shared housing, basic food, public transport and mobile service. Tuition, visa fees, health insurance and discretionary spending are excluded.
Underlying city evidence: January 2025
Academic year
Two main university semesters
The country card summarises the common higher-education pattern rather than imposing one calendar on every provider. February–March is shown as the main start period, with July available for selected courses.
Reviewed August 2026
Strong majors
Workforce-demand study clusters
CampCareer groups related study fields when current occupation-shortage evidence points to persistent demand. These labels are directional study signals, not guarantees of employment, migration eligibility or individual outcomes.
2025 Occupation Shortage List
Major institutions
Curated universities and public VET providers
The display is a compact orientation list, not a ranking and not a complete provider directory. Research universities and selected state public VET systems are shown separately.
Reviewed August 2026
Values are national or scenario baselines, not personal forecasts. City, institution, programme, visa and occupation details may differ and should override these summaries when more specific verified evidence is available.
Netherlands sources
The official sources and calculation rules behind the Netherlands country page. Values remain in euros and are removed from display when published evidence cannot be read or is no longer verified.
Full-time annual salary range
Statistics Netherlands (CBS) and CampCareer
- Method
- CBS publishes total-job and part-time-job counts and average annual wages including bonuses. CampCareer derives approximate full-time averages for three employer-size groups using (total wage × total jobs − part-time wage × part-time jobs) ÷ full-time jobs. The resulting employer-size range is EUR 62,730–72,950 and the national estimate is EUR 69,290.
- Coverage and limits
- Calculated from rounded aggregate table values, so results are approximate. This is a range of employer-size averages, not an individual-worker distribution, graduate starting salary or salary guarantee.
National annual salary benchmark
Statistics Netherlands (CBS) and CampCareer
- Method
- The calculation dataset stores EUR 69,290 as the approximate national average annual wage including bonuses for full-time employee jobs, derived from the published total and part-time aggregates.
- Coverage and limits
- A mean for employee jobs rather than persons. Bonuses are included, values are provisional and the derivation uses rounded published aggregates.
Student living costs
Study in NL — Nuffic
- Method
- The country card stores Study in NL's monthly student spending range of EUR 1,000–1,500. The midpoint is used only for country comparison.
- Coverage and limits
- A broad planning range that varies by city, housing and lifestyle. Tuition is excluded. The separate IND 2026 study norm for higher education is EUR 1,130.77 per month and is an immigration financial requirement rather than a spending forecast.
International undergraduate tuition
Study in NL — Nuffic
- Method
- The calculation dataset stores the published average non-EU/EEA bachelor tuition range of EUR 9,000–20,000 per year.
- Coverage and limits
- A national planning range. Institutional fees vary by programme, institution and field, and individual programme pages remain the final source.
Minimum hourly wage
Government of the Netherlands
- Method
- The calculation dataset stores EUR 14.99 per hour, the statutory minimum wage for employees aged 21 and older from 1 July 2026.
- Coverage and limits
- Workers under 21 have lower youth rates. Actual pay may be higher under collective agreements or employment contracts.
Academic year
University of Amsterdam
- Method
- The country page summarises the common late-August or September to late-June structure. The representative UvA calendar runs from 31 August 2026 to 25 June 2027.
- Coverage and limits
- Dutch tertiary institutions set their own calendars and programme dates. February starts are available only for selected programmes.
Strong fields and work opportunities
Employee Insurance Agency (UWV)
- Method
- Broad study fields are shown where UWV identifies related higher-education occupations as offering strong job prospects, including healthcare, ICT, teaching, construction, engineering and financial services.
- Coverage and limits
- Promising-occupation status does not guarantee a vacancy, salary, visa, professional recognition or an individual employment outcome.
Study permit fee and work limit
Immigration and Naturalisation Service (IND)
- Method
- The calculation dataset stores a EUR 254 first study-residence-permit application fee and a 16-hour weekly employee-work limit. Students may instead work full time in June, July and August, and the employer must obtain a TWV work permit.
- Coverage and limits
- Rules apply to non-EEA students holding the relevant study residence permit. Self-employment, internships and EU/EEA/Swiss nationals follow different conditions.
Universities and universities of applied sciences
Study in NL — Nuffic
- Method
- The country page shows a concise representative set of research universities and universities of applied sciences across major study regions. It is not a ranking or complete provider directory.
- Coverage and limits
- Representative list used for country exploration.
Last reviewed 6 August 2026. A national range describes its source population or stated planning scenario; it does not predict an individual's salary, expenses or visa outcome.